{"id":2442,"date":"2026-09-06T08:39:51","date_gmt":"2026-09-06T08:39:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/?p=2442"},"modified":"2026-11-06T09:07:05","modified_gmt":"2026-11-06T09:07:05","slug":"%e1%80%80%e1%80%ad%e1%80%af%e1%80%9c%e1%80%ad%e1%80%af%e1%80%94%e1%80%ae%e1%80%81%e1%80%b1%e1%80%90%e1%80%ba%e1%80%94%e1%80%be%e1%80%84%e1%80%b7%e1%80%ba%e1%80%99%e1%80%bc%e1%80%94%e1%80%ba%e1%80%99","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/%e1%80%80%e1%80%ad%e1%80%af%e1%80%9c%e1%80%ad%e1%80%af%e1%80%94%e1%80%ae%e1%80%81%e1%80%b1%e1%80%90%e1%80%ba%e1%80%94%e1%80%be%e1%80%84%e1%80%b7%e1%80%ba%e1%80%99%e1%80%bc%e1%80%94%e1%80%ba%e1%80%99\/","title":{"rendered":"\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1014\u102e\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1037\u101c\u103d\u1010\u103a\u101c\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102c \u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1016\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101b\u102c"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a9 \u1001\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1038 Institute for Peace and Social Justice 202609<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1015\u102b \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1010\u1030 \u1005\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1000\u1030\u1038\u101a\u1030\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a<sup><\/sup> &#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u1041\u104b \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038<\/strong><sup><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u104f \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101c\u1031\u1037\u101c\u102c\u101b\u102c\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1017\u103c\u102d\u1010\u102d\u101e\u103b\u103e\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1014\u102e\u1001\u1031\u1010\u103a (\u1041\u1048\u1042\u1044 \u1019\u103e \u1041\u1049\u1044\u1048 \u1001\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u1021\u1011\u102d) \u1000\u102c\u101c\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u101c\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1021\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1000\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f \u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u103d\u1031\u1037\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1000\u102f\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a \u1019\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1000\u103a\u104f \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e \u1017\u103c\u102d\u1010\u102d\u101e\u103b\u103e\u1021\u102d\u1014\u1039\u1012\u102d\u101a\u104f \u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1014\u101a\u103a\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1001\u102f\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a \u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u104a \u1011\u102d\u102f\u1019\u103e\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101e\u102e\u1038\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1014\u102e\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1021\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101c\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1015\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1032\u101b\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1017\u103c\u102d\u1010\u102d\u101e\u103b\u103e\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1000\u103b\u1030\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1031\u102c\u103a\u1005\u1005\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u102f\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1006\u1004\u103a\u1014\u103d\u103e\u1032\u1000\u102c \u1011\u102d\u102f\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1021\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1001\u1032\u1037\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f \u101e\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1014\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a \u1017\u103c\u102d\u1010\u102d\u101e\u103b\u103e\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101c\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1000\u1030\u1005\u1031\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u104e\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1037\u104f \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u104a \u1005\u102e\u1038\u1015\u103d\u102c\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038 \u1021\u1000\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1021\u1019\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1000\u102c\u1000\u103d\u101a\u103a\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1000\u103a \u1015\u1011\u101d\u102e\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1021\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u101c\u1030\u1019\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1000\u103d\u1032\u1015\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1001\u1036\u104d \u101d\u1014\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102e\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1019 (Ministerial Burma \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a Burma Proper) \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1010\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1012\u1031\u101e\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 (Frontier Areas \u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1019\u101f\u102f\u1010\u103a Scheduled Areas) \u101f\u1030\u104d \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038 \u1014\u103e\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102c &#8220;\u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u102c\u1038\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a (Divide and Rule Policy)&#8221; \u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1010\u1010 \u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1001\u1032\u1037\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1037-\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a-\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1016\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101b\u102c-clean-version.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1037-\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a-\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1016\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101b\u102c-clean-version.pdf\">Download for Full PDF Version<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/\u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1037-\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a-\u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1016\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101b\u102c-clean-version.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of \u1019\u103c\u1014\u103a\u1019\u102c\u1037 \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a \u1019\u103c\u1005\u103a\u1016\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1001\u1036\u101b\u102c 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aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-582e719c-c9f9-41b3-b57b-6f38f668b134\">\u1012\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1012\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b<\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a9 \u1001\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1038 Institute for Peace and Social Justice 202609 \u1015\u102f\u1036\u1015\u102b\u1010\u1030 \u1005\u102c\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1000\u103c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1010\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038 \u1000\u1030\u1038\u101a\u1030\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102c\u1038\u1015\u1031\u1038\u101c\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1015\u102b\u1010\u101a\u103a \u2013 \u1041\u104b \u1021\u1001\u103b\u1009\u103a\u1038\u1014\u102c\u1038 \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u103c\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":2444,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[185,187,184,182,12,11,186,149,183],"class_list":["post-2442","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-policy-briefs","tag-british-colonial-era","tag-burma-proper","tag-divide-and-rule-policy","tag-frontier-areas","tag-institute-of-peace-and-social-justice","tag-ipsj","tag-ministerial-burma","tag-myanmar-history","tag-political-administration"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2442","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2442"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2442\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2445,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2442\/revisions\/2445"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2444"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2442"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2442"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2442"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}