{"id":2161,"date":"2026-02-19T13:14:35","date_gmt":"2026-02-19T13:14:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/?p=2161"},"modified":"2026-02-19T13:14:37","modified_gmt":"2026-02-19T13:14:37","slug":"training-material-comparative-executives-of-four-federal-democracies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/training-material-comparative-executives-of-four-federal-democracies\/","title":{"rendered":"\u101c\u1031\u1037\u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1015\u1005\u1039\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 : \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e \u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u103e\u1009\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1021\u101b\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e \u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u103e\u1009\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1021\u101b\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038<\/strong> \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e \u1019\u1030\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u1030\u1038\u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1031\u1037\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101e\u1019\u1039\u1019\u1010\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u104a \u1015\u102b\u101c\u102e\u1019\u1014\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u104a \u1010\u1005\u103a\u101d\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1019\u1039\u1019\u1010\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1000\u103d\u1014\u103a\u1006\u102d\u102f\u101b\u103e\u101a\u103a\u101c\u1005\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u103e\u1009\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1021\u1014\u1031\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1019\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1000\u103b\u1004\u1037\u103a\u101e\u102f\u1036\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1019\u102e\u1038\u1019\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1011\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1015\u103c\u1011\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u1015\u102b\u1021\u101d\u1004\u103a \u1016\u103c\u1005\u103a\u101b\u1015\u103a\u101c\u1031\u1037\u101c\u102c\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103e\u1010\u1005\u103a\u1006\u1004\u1037\u103a <strong>\u1021\u1019\u1031\u101b\u102d\u1000\u1014\u103a\u1015\u103c\u100a\u103a\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102f<\/strong>, <strong>\u1002\u103b\u102c\u1019\u1014\u102e<\/strong>, <strong>\u1006\u103d\u1005\u103a\u1007\u102c\u101c\u1014\u103a<\/strong>, <strong>\u1014\u1031\u102c\u103a\u101d\u1031<\/strong>, <strong>\u1006\u103d\u102e\u1012\u1004\u103a<\/strong>, \u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a <strong>\u1012\u102d\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1019\u1010\u103a<\/strong>, \u101e\u1004\u103a\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u1001\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1016\u103d\u1032\u1037\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1015\u103d\u1032\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u104a \u100a\u103d\u1014\u1037\u103a\u1015\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1021\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1038\u101b\u104a \u101e\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1001\u103c\u1031\u1015\u103c\u102f \u1006\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1016\u103c\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1000\u103a\u1001\u103b\u1019\u103e\u1010\u103a\u1001\u103c\u1004\u103a\u1038\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1021\u1005\u102e\u1021\u1005\u1009\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1001\u103d\u1032\u1001\u103c\u1019\u103a\u1038\u1005\u102d\u1010\u103a\u1016\u103c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1021\u102c\u100f\u102c\u1001\u103d\u1032\u101d\u1031\u1019\u103e\u102f\u104a \u1021\u1001\u103b\u102d\u102f\u1038\u1000\u103b\u1000\u102d\u102f\u101a\u103a\u1005\u102c\u1038\u1015\u103c\u102f\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1014\u103e\u1004\u1037\u103a \u1018\u100f\u1039\u100d\u102c\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1010\u1014\u103a\u1038\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u1019\u103b\u103e\u1019\u103e\u102f\u101a\u1014\u1039\u1010\u101b\u102c\u1038\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1010\u100a\u103a\u1004\u103c\u102d\u1019\u103a\u1015\u103c\u102e\u1038 \u1021\u102c\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1036\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101d\u1004\u103a\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037 \u1019\u100a\u103a\u101e\u102d\u102f\u1037\u1021\u1011\u1031\u102c\u1000\u103a\u1021\u1000\u1030\u1015\u103c\u102f\u101e\u100a\u103a\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1015\u103c\u101e\u101e\u100a\u1037\u103a \u1006\u103d\u1005\u103a\u1007\u102c\u101c\u1014\u103a\u104f \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1000\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1005\u102e\u1015\u102f\u1036\u1005\u1036\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1021\u1011\u1030\u1038\u1021\u102c\u101b\u102f\u1036\u1005\u102d\u102f\u1000\u103a\u1011\u102c\u1038\u1015\u102b\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1012\u1031\u102b\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101c\u102f\u1012\u103a\u101c\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1014\u103a \u1024\u1014\u1031\u101b\u102c\u1000\u102d\u102f\u1014\u103e\u102d\u1015\u103a\u1015\u102b- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Comparative-Executives-of-Four-Federal-Democracies.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Comparative-Executives-of-Four-Federal-Democracies.pdf\">\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e \u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u103e\u1009\u103a\u1021\u1019\u103e\u102f\u1006\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1021\u101b\u102c\u101b\u103e\u102d\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038 _ \u1026\u1038\u1001\u1004\u103a\u1019\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u101d\u1004\u103a\u1038<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e\u101c\u1031\u1038\u1014\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1004\u1036\u1019\u103e \u1014\u103e\u102d\u102f\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101a\u103e\u1009\u103a\u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u101e\u100a\u103a \u1016\u1000\u103a\u1012\u101b\u101a\u103a\u1012\u102e\u1019\u102d\u102f\u1000\u101b\u1031\u1005\u102e \u1019\u1030\u1018\u1031\u102c\u1004\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1021\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a\u1038\u101b\u103e\u102d \u1019\u1010\u1030\u100a\u102e\u101e\u1031\u102c \u1021\u102f\u1015\u103a\u1001\u103b\u102f\u1015\u103a\u101b\u1031\u1038\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u1019\u103b\u102c\u1038\u1000\u102d\u102f \u1005\u1030\u1038\u1005\u1019\u103a\u1038\u101c\u1031\u1037\u101c\u102c\u101e\u100a\u103a\u104b \u1021\u1005\u100a\u103a\u1038\u1021\u101d\u1031\u1038\u1010\u103d\u1004\u103a \u101e\u1019\u1039\u1019\u1010\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u104a \u1015\u102b\u101c\u102e\u1019\u1014\u103a\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u104a \u1010\u1005\u103a\u101d\u1000\u103a\u101e\u1019\u1039\u1019\u1010\u1005\u1014\u1005\u103a\u104a\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":2162,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[52,18],"tags":[30,12,11],"class_list":["post-2161","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-federalism-and-local-governance","category-training-materials","tag-federalism","tag-institute-of-peace-and-social-justice","tag-ipsj"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2161","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2161"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2161\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2164,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2161\/revisions\/2164"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2162"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2161"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2161"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ipsj.org\/my\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2161"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}